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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク East Frisian chieftains ： ウィキペディア英語版 East Frisian chieftains The East Frisian chieftains ((ドイツ語:Häuptlinge), Low German: ''hovetlinge / hovedlinge'') assumed positions of power in East Frisia during the course of the 14th century, after the force of the old, egalitarian constitution from the time of Frisian Freedom had markedly waned. == Early history == East Frisia was not under any centralised rule, as was common elsewhere at the time of feudalism during the Middle Ages. By the 12th and 13th centuries the "free Frisians" as they called themselves had organised themselves into quasi-cooperative parishes (''Landesgemeinden''), in which every member had equal rights, at least in principle. This fundamental equality applied to all owners of farmsteads and their attached estates in their respective villages and church parishes.〔SCHMIDT, Heinrich: Das östliche Friesland um 1400. Territorialpolitische Strukturen und Bewegungen, in: EHBRECHT, Wilfried (Hg.): Störtebeker – 600 Jahre nach seinem Tod, Trier 2005, p. 86.〕 The public offices of the judges or ''Redjeven'' (Latin: ''consules'') were appointed by annual elections. In practice, several ''nobiles'' stood out amongst these ''universitas'': the public offices were frequenty occupied by members of large and wealthy families. From the 13th century, the status symbols of these ''nobiles'' were stone houses (''stins'', the precursors of the later chieftains' castles) as well as small armies of mercenaries (''Söldnerheere''). 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.